REVIEW: Sentence Parts

Please read the following information carefully and use it to complete your notes sheet. We will review this information in class periodically before the end of the semester, so it is important that you record accurate information and do not lose this sheet.

Complete Sentences and Sentence Subjects

As you may know, a COMPLETE SENTENCE includes a SUBJECT, a VERB, and a COMPLETE THOUGHT.

The SUBJECT of a sentence is the "do-er" and is a noun or a pronoun. The subject of the sentence is what carries out the verb of the sentence.

Examples (the subjects are underlined):

• Jane slept through her alarm.
• The verb is slept. So, if we ask, "who or what slept?" the answer is Jane. Therefore, Jane is the subject because she is the "do-er."
• I ran all the way home.
• Verb=ran. Who ran? I did, so I is the subject.
• My teacher has a very loud voice.
• Verb=has. Who has? My teacher has, so my teacher is the subject.

Most of the time the subject is at the beginning of the sentence, but sometimes there are introductory phrases, clauses, or words that come before the subject. In these cases, you just need to identify the main verb of the sentence and find the subject that way.

Examples (the subjects are underlined):

• After all that work, my dad took a nap in the recliner.
• After all that work is the introductory clause of the sentence; the main verb of the sentence is "took." So, who took? Well, my dad did, so my dad is the subject.
• After school Hank went straight to his bedroom to work on Calculus.
• Even though the words "after school" come before Hank, we know that Hank is the subject because the main verb in the sentence is "went" and we know that Hank is the one who went.

Other Sentence Parts: Direct Objects, Indirect Objects, Objects of the Preposition, Predicate Nominatives, and Predicate Adjectives

So, now that we've reviewed what you need to have a complete sentence and how to find the subject of the sentence, let's review the other things sentences may have:

• Direct Object=the receiver of the action; the noun or pronoun being acted upon by the verb.
• Examples (D.O. is underlined):
• Molly tossed her backpack on the floor.
• verb=tossed; what did she toss? her backpack
• I ate Mom's cookie dough before she could make the cookies.
• verb=ate; what was eaten? Mom's cookie dough.

• Indirect Object=the receiver of the direct object; the noun or pronoun that receives the D.O.
• Examples (I.O. is underlined)
• Julie ordered food for Kim.
• verb=ordered; ordered what? food. So, food is the D.O. Well, who or what received the food? Kim did, so Kim is the I.O.
• Dad always buys Mom flowers on their anniversary.
• verb=buys. Buys what? flowers. Who receives the flower? Mom does, so Mom is the I.O.

• Object of the Preposition=the associated words that come after a preposition.
• Examples (object of the preposition is underlined):
• Mary put your dress in the closet.
• in=preposition; the closet is associated with "in" and it comes right after, so it is the object of the preposition (O.P.)
• I can't believe you went to the concert and left your ticket in the car!
• to=first preposition; the concert is associated so it is the O.P. for "to;" in=second preposition; the car is associated so it is the O.P. for "in."

• Predicate Nominative=a noun following a linking verb that restates, renames, or stands for the subject of the sentence.
• Examples (predicate nominative is underlined):
• My mom is a nurse.
• Mom=subject; nurse renames that subject, so it is the predicate nominative.
• The fans were an embarrassment to the football team.
• The fans=subject; an embarrassment renames that subject, so it is the predicate nominative.

• Predicate Adjective=an adjective following a linking verb that modifies or describes the subject of the sentence.
• Examples (predicate adjective is underlined):
• My best friend is sick.
• My best friend=subject; sick comes after the linking verb "is" and describes the subject, so it is the predicate adjective.
• Black car seats become hot in the direct sun.
• Black car seats=subject; hot comes after the linking verb "become" and describes the subject, so it is the predicate adjective.

Phrases

Please carefully read this information to fill out your notes sheet section labeled "Phrases."

What is a phrase?
A phrase is a group of two or more words that do NOT contain a subject and a verb. A phrase only contains a subject OR a verb. Therefore, a phrase CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence. They need additional sentence parts to be complete.

Phrase Types
There are many different types of phrases:

• Noun phrase=functions as a subject, object, or compliment; made up of a noun and its modifiers
• A good teacher explains things clearly.
• We adopted an old, scruffy cat.
• Verb phrase=a collection of verbs (linking, helper, and auxiliary) functioning as one.
• I had been walking for an hour.
• Julia was leaving for work when he called.
• Prepositional phrases (adverbial and adjectival)=a phrase made up of a preposition and its object.
• Adverbial prepositional phrases function as adverbs in the sentence (modify a verb)
• Mark jumped over the bench. (Describes/modifies the verb "jumped.")
• Adjectival prepositional phrases function as adjectives in the sentence (modify a noun)
• The spider on the table scared me! (Describes the spider--tells which one).
• Gerund phrases=a phrase that starts with an -ing verb and functions as a noun.
• Going to the mall is so relaxing. (Going=-ing verb; the phrase is the subject)
• Infinitive phrases=a phrase that starts with "to" and includes a simpler verb; functions as a noun
• I love to sleep. (to sleep=a simple verb; functions as the D.O. and a noun)
• Participial phrases=a phrase that starts with a verb (-ing or -ed form) and functions as a modifier. They can be removed from sentences and the sentence is still complete.
• Waiting for her ride, she sat on the park bench.
• They laughed loudly, unheard by the others.
• Appositive phrases=a noun phrase that renames another noun right by it. They are separated in the sentence with commas and can be removed from the sentence without making it an incomplete sentence.
• Mrs. Sampson, your favorite teacher, misses you dearly.

Although there are PLENTY of phrase types, your pre-test results show that we only need to focus on participial and appositive phrases this semester :-) It is important that you know what the other ones are, however, since they will also appear on the final exam. 

Grammar Practice

Please complete the practice activities in the links below:

Sentence parts:

Subjects: http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/satz/subpred.htm

Direct Objects: http://flang1.kendall.mdc.edu/3/341/Activity3/L341act3.htm

Indirect Objects: http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/grammar/indirect_objects/quiz548.html (click on the button that says, "Click here to take the test"

Predicate Nominatives and Predicate Adjectives: http://www.easystream.net/lessonquest/language/lessons/prednounpredadj.html


Participial Phrases:
http://www.quia.com/quiz/463033.html
https://sites.google.com/site/mrhirataspage/home/quiz

Appositive Phrases:
http://depts.dyc.edu/learningcenter/owl/exercises/comma_placement_ex5.htm
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=Appositive (click start when you get to the site)

New England Renaissance Review

Tomorrow's quiz will cover the following:

• Introduction to the New England Renaissance notes (pink handout with PowerPoint slides).
• When did the New England Renaissance occur?
• What was going on at the time?
• Which two literary movements occurred simultaneously in this renaissance?

• Vocabulary
• English 10=advocate, contemplate, idealism, subjective, objective, and assertion
• Advanced 10=all of the above plus solitude and didactic
• I emailed you guys links to the vocabulary flashcards I made a while back.

• Transcendentalism
• What was it?
• Who was involved?
• What was the writing like?
• What were the philosophies?
• What were the main features of "Civil Disobedience?"

• Gothicism
• What was it?
• Who was involved?
• What was the writing like?
• What were the philosophies?

• Critical Reading
• What are the steps in critically reading poetry?
• What does it mean to paraphrase?
• What is SOAPSTone?
• What is the rhetorical transaction and how does it apply to the readings from the New England Renaissance?

You will also be asked to read a few excerpts and conduct critical readings of them. They will not be any harder than the ones we covered in class. :-)

Spend some time quizzing each other, sorting out your notes, reviewing vocabulary, and rereading some of the texts we read and discussed. Please also refresh your memory on the RHETORICAL TRANSACTION.